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sci.geo.meteorology (Meteorology) (sci.geo.meteorology) For the discussion of meteorology and related topics. |
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Roger Coppock wrote:
A projected mean increase of 70% human mortality over 1990 levels by mid-century. =-=-=-=-= American Journal of Public Health, 10.2105/AJPH.2006.102947 Projecting Heat-Related Mortality Impacts Under a Changing Climate in the New York City Region Kim Knowlton 1*, Barry Lynn 2, Richard A. Goldberg 2, Cynthia Rosenzweig 2, Christian Hogrefe 3, Joyce Klein Rosenthal 4, Patrick L. Kinney 1 1 Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY, NY 2 Goddard Institute for Space Studies at Columbia University, Ctr for Climate Systems Research, NY, NY 3 Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, University at Albany, Albany, NY 4 Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, Columbia University, NY, NY * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: . Abstract Objectives. We sought to project future impacts of climate change on summer heat-related premature deaths in the New York City metropolitan region. Methods. Current and future climates were simulated over the northeastern United States with a global-to-regional climate modeling system. Summer heat-related premature deaths in the 1990s and 2050s were estimated by using a range of scenarios and approaches to modeling acclimatization (e.g., increased use of air conditioning, gradual physiological adaptation). Results. Projected regional increases in heat-related premature mortality by the 2050s ranged from 47% to 95%, with a mean 70% increase compared with the 1990s. Acclimatization effects reduced regional increases in summer heat-related premature mortality by about 25%. Local impacts varied considerably across the region, with urban counties showing greater numbers of deaths and smaller percentage increases than less-urbanized counties. Conclusions. Although considerable uncertainty exists in climate forecasts and future health vulnerability, the range of projections we developed suggests that by midcentury, acclimatization may not completely mitigate the effects of climate change in the New York City metropolitan region, which would result in an overall net increase in heat-related premature mortality. http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abst....2006.102947v1 =-=-=-= Also see: http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/...n3314254.shtml If the AGWers want something new to worry about, they can worry about Global Cooling instead - or also. Following is an article by Josie Glausiusz which appears in the October, 2007 issue of "Discover Magazine" "A COLD LOOK AT WAR THE STUDY "Climate Change and War Frequency in Eastern China Over the Last Millennium," by David Zhang et al., published in the August 2007 issue of Human Ecology. THE MOTIVE In a study of more than 900 years of conflict in eastern China, a team of researchers has tested the hypothesis that cold spells fuel the social instability that leads to war. THE METHODS Earth scientist David Zhang of the University of Hong Kong and his colleagues consulted a multivolume compendium, "The Tabulation of Wars in Ancient China", which records wars in China between 800 B.C. and A.D. 1911.**They*focused*on*the*899*wars*that*took place between the years 1000 and 1911 in densely populated eastern China. **The*researchers*then*compared*the*historical record with climate data for the same period.**In the past decade, paleoclimatologists have reconstructed a record of climate change over the millennium by consulting historical documents and examining indicators of temperature change like tree rings, as well as oxygen isotopes in ice cores and coral skeletons.**By*combining*data from multiple studies, Zhang and his colleagues identified six major cycles of warm and cold phases from 1000 to 1911. The team then tabulated the frequency of wars and grouped them into three classes: very high (more than 30 wars per decade), high (15 to 30 wars per decade), and low (fewer than 15 wars per decade.)**All*four decades of "very high" warfare, as well as most periods of "high" conflict, coincided with cold phases.**The*link*was*most*pronounced*in*the south, perhaps because of its greater population density as well as southern migration due to the cold. **Two*especially*frigid*periods*(1448-1487)*and (1583-1717) stand out.**During*the*first*period, many regions of china suffered huge famines, and authorities of the Ming dynasty quashed rebellions in numerous provinces.**At*the beginning of the second cold era, heavy rains and sever floods devastated agricultural production, and during the subsequent famine people were forced to eat tree bark and even seeds from the excrement of wild geese.**Later,*between*1620*and 1640, earth's temperature fell to its lowest point since the beginning of the millennium.**In* china, major floods followed extreme droughts, and frequent famines led to mass starvation and death.**In*1644,*a*peasand*rebel*leader*marched into the capital and captured Beijing,**Finally, a Manchu invasion ended the Ming regime. THE MEANING During warm periods, Zhang explains, populations increased, but the conditions brought on by cold phases--shorter growing seasons, less land available for cultivation, a shortage of forage for domestic animals, and lower agriculture yields--could not sustain them.**The shortages fueled peasant unrest, which destabilized regimes.**Nearly*all*China's dynastic changes too place during the cold spells. **Zhang*believes*his*work*has*relevance*for*a warming world.**Global*temperatures*are*expected to rise faster and faster in the future, and our expanded population may be unable to adapt to the ecological changes.**"Animals*can*adapt*to climate change, mainly by relying on migration, depopulation--which consists of starvation and cannibalism--and dietary change," he explains. "Human beings have more adaptive choices and social mechanisms, such as birth control, trade, and scientific innovation.**Some*of*these*social mechanisms are good for humanity and some are bad, such as war.**The*war*is*just*like*the cannibalism of animals." " |
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